Probing Skills for Tutors and Teachers

Skill of Probing Questions 

Introduction

It is very important for a teacher to ask questions during teaching in order to increase the thinking capability in students. probing is one of the best skill which helps students to solve the problems with the help of a teacher. These are the set of some ques and hint in the form of questions which a teacher ask during teaching for seeking further information, this may increase the thinking capability of students so that they can think in multiple fronts. This skill is very helpful when student go through deeply in order to have multiple answer, sometimes this is used for involving all students if they showing a bit less interest in the teaching learning process.

Why Probing?

• In case of when students are unable to give the answer or give incomplete answer, teacher use probing skill for ques.
• For seeking further information.
• For gaining student's attention in the teaching learning process and we call it re-focussing.
• If the teacher want to give the knowledge of all aspects of the problem  to students, then the teacher ask the similar question in different manner. We can call it re-directing.
• For improving the student's thinking ability, for that teacher asks why? and how? type questions. This is called as Critical Awareness.

Components of Probing Skill

1. Prompting 
2. Seeking Further Information
3. Re-focussing 
4. Re-direction 
5. Critical awareness 

Prompting 

Prompting mostly involves verbal ques, visual ques, through model, gestures and some physical guidance. In order to help the student to know the answer teacher gives some indication.

Seeking Further Information

most of the time student don't give the proper and accurate answer then teacher asks the same question to other students in order to get the correct answers. Teacher asks different aspects about the question in order to seek further information, this also may check the student's knowledge.

Re-focussing 

If the teacher is not satisfied with the answer of student then the teacher puts different situations in front of the students which help them in transfer of knowledge of the student.

Re-direction 

Teacher try to know the multiple answer of the question in order to make student to think again and again. This will increase the thinking ability of the student, and this may increase the participation of the students in the class too. 

Critical awareness 

If teacher asks why?, how?, type of questions then it is called as Critical Awareness. This increase critical awareness among students and finally they will understand the nature of the questions.

Microteaching-skill of introduction or set induction and its components(प्रस्तावना कौशल)

Meaning of set induction

Skill of Set Induction is also known as Skill of Introduction. It is related to the begining of class teaching. If the begining of class teaching is effective then the outcomes of teaching learning process can be estimated very clearly. In this Skill teacher and is very active and creative, teacher have to grab the student's attention in teaching learning process, he/she create such an environment that the they can start the lesson very effectively. For set Induction teacher ask a set of question to students related to their previous knowledge in order to come with the teaching topic. Questions are designed in such a way that the maximum students can response to them. This makes students active in class and their interest can be seen by the begining of the class. Teachers uses lots of tricks and tactics for starting the lesson in the class. The techniques are related to a number of components or the introductory questions are related to its components which are as following-

Set Induction-Its Components (प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व)

प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व (Previous knowledge)

During setting the introductory questions teacher should take care of the previous knowledge of students. These questions are very important for starting a new lesson among students. Sometimes teacher starts with showing some objects related to the topic and sometimes asks questions related to previous knowledge. The questions should be designed in such a way that maximum student know the answer of them and questions must be interesting so the students give the attention in class.

प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व (Proper Sequencing)

The ideas , questions and statements which are made for starting the lesson must have the coordination otherwise students can be miss leaded in the classroom. Questions should be arranged in proper sequencing.

प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व (Objectives and teaching Aids) 

Teaching Objectives are very important, the TLM or teaching Aids are designed in order to create interest in classroom teaching so that the students keep attention in class. The TLM is always related to the teaching objectives which are previously set. Now-a-days very creative TLM are being used by teacher for classroom teaching, in doing so all student will keep attention in class and the rate of learning will be enhanced. Attractive teaching aids always works well and develops creativity in students. By the use of TLM or teaching aids students do not feel monotonous, they learn with joy and motivation.

प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व (Relationship between Content's Statements and Objectives)

This is very important for a teacher that their should be a relation between his statement and teaching objectives otherwise students can not make any judgement about teaching topic. One more thing the teacher's statement must be related to objectives otherwise the teaching topic will not come out properly among students.

प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व (Duration of Introduction)

The duration of introduction must not be too short and too long, it must be in such way that the students take interest and get motivated enough so that a teacher can start the lesson.

प्रस्तावना कौशल के तत्व (Capability of creating Interest and Motivation)

The teacher must have the capability of creating Interest and motivation among students, in short teacher must be a good motivator too.This is very important point for pupil teacher who are under training, during teaching  motivation and  good classroom environment can enhance the rate of learning, this is because students get motivated and then participate in teaching learning process.

Teaching skills( What are the teaching skills that a teacher should have during classroom teaching?)

Teaching skill

During the classroom teaching a teacher should have fine teaching skills. Teaching skills are mainly techniques which is used by a teacher in the classroom so that he/she can command over the class. These are basically planned previously by the teacher before going for teaching, skill can be mastered by practicing and understanding of the class whatever it is. As we know that teaching is a purposeful process in which teacher and students are very active or say they are living while the important element  'curriculum ' is passive or say non-living. The curriculum leads an interaction between student and teacher. In the teaching process student, teacher and curriculum are important element, they are enough for the significant teaching-learning process. 

According to Burton-

"Teaching to the stimulation, guidance and direction and encouragement of learning"

Teaching skill is the process in which a teacher plans everything orally, written, and by the use of black-board. The way he/she teaches actually depends upon the teaching skill whatever is being used. Teacher asks question in the classroom, gives examples, gives demonstrations, do experiments, explains tough topics, stimulates students, gives ques to students, symbolize things, use gesture and posture with proper attitudes, gives reinforcement to students according to their responses, plays roles sometimes, sometimes he/she takes proper silence in the class which have the great significance as well. All these activities are performed by a teacher in the classroom in a systematic and planned way. So the inclusion of all these activities in set which actually improves the teaching are called as Teaching skill.

Characteristics of effective teaching skills

• It can be developed individually.

• It is related to the unit plans of teaching behavioirs.

• They make teaching meaningful and effective.

• They are helpful in obtaining teaching objectives (specific objectives).

• Makes the class active and change the behaviours of students.

• It is very simple way to present the topic in the class, and the rate of learning is enhanced.

• It is related to teaching process and behaviours.

Definitions

"According to B.K.Passi- It is a set of activities or behaviours in order to facilitate the learning and learning outcomes".

"According to M.K.Passi- Teaching skills are specific instructions which is used by a teacher. It is in teaching related to different activities which are continuously used by the teacher in classroom interactions".

List of the teaching Skills 

There are 14  Teaching Skill given by Stan Ford University which are as follows-

1. Set Induction
2. Fluency in Questioning 
3. Stimulate Variations
4. Silence and Non-verbal Ques 
5. Reinforcement Pupil participation
6. Probing Questions 
7. Higher Order Questions 
8. Divergent Questions
9. Illustrations and Use of Explanations 
10. Lecturing
11. Planned Repetition
12. Completeness of Communicate 
13. Recognising Behaviour 
14. Closure 

Indian educationist B.k.Passi in 1975 listed 13 Teaching Skills which are as following-

1. Writing Instructional objectives 
2. Introduction of lesson Plan
3. Fluency of Questions
4. Probing Questions
5. Explaining 
6. Illustrating
7. Stimulus-variation
8. Silence and Non-verbal Cues
9. Reinforcement
10. Increasing students Participation
11. Use of Black-board
12. Achieving Closure
13. Attending Behaviour of students

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The above teaching skills are very important for a teacher while going to teach. The best part about these skill is they are all pre-planned and arranged well so that the classroom teaching becomes meaningful, these are techniques which helps a teacher to activate students in the classroom. They are important in creating classroom environment, the use of them makes a joyful class  and effective teaching. 

Importance of effective Teaching skill-

While talking about teaching skills, it is necessary to discuss its importance. Teaching skills are the main factors of a teacher, it defines teacher's activity in class. They make an understanding about what to teach and how to teach. These skills are helpful in creating an effective environment so that students can grab the knowledge. Without teaching skill the teaching will be monotonous and students will not take part in teaching-learning process, if they don't feel good during class then its meaningless to teach them. Now-a-days activity based teaching is being done because students is everything in classroom, everything is for students so they must be active at the time of teaching.

Activity based learning

Most of the time students don't focus in class, in such case teacher must involve him in all activities and make them to be participated. 

Improve Participation

The response of students plays very crucial role in classroom teaching, by the help of student's responses a teacher decides the outcomes of the teaching.  

 

LEVELS OF TEACHING

Levels of teaching

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Levels of teaching are very important in deciding the teaching- learning strategies and it helps a teacher to understand the level of teaching activity. Teaching-learning processes are mainly for students and to make understanding of the related topic wherever is being taught in the class . It is important for a teacher to understand the level of students thus he/she can teach as per their standard in order to deliver a significant knowledge. Therefore a teacher must have understanding about at what level he/she is teaching, it also helps him/her to fulfill instructional objective. Levels of teaching are categorized as following-

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• Memory level of teaching

• Understanding level of teaching

• Reflective level of teaching

MEMORY LEVEL:

• Developed by Herbert

• Initial stage of learning

• Influenced by rote learning

• Based on stimulus response

• It is all about to retain learning and rapid learning

• Stability in learning is important for child (this level retain this for sure)

• Evaluation is mainly done by orally, written and by essay type question.

UNDERSTANDING LEVEL :

• Developed by Morrison

• Include theory understanding

• Generalization

• Learning by insight

• Includes memory+insight(understanding)

• The understanding capabilities are developed of a student

• Assimilation of knowledge is important

• Evaluation is done by short-answer-type-questions and by essay type questions and sometimes objective type questions are also asked to built the understanding of students

REFLECTIVE LEVEL:

• Developed by Hunt

• It is the highest level of teaching and based on memory level and understanding level

• It is a problem centric approach

• It follows an open and independent classroom environment which is very important for idea to come in the minds of students

• Students can develop their own point of view through this level if they are active in the classroom

• Mastery of subject is done by this level

• Develop a deep understanding of theory, facts and any ideas

• Students also develop the application of their knowledge to outer life

• Evaluation is done by the essay type question, open ideas ,participation and sometimes by the attitude and beliefs of students

• Teaching process follow the curriculum

• Students are at primary level and while teacher is at second level.

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Evaluation of Lesson Plan

Introduction

Evaluation is very important aspect of teaching learning process, the extent of outcome of teaching learning process is greatly dependent on the evaluation of lesson plan. As being a pupil teacher it is important to evaluate the teaching activities whatever is included in the lesson plan. It's a great responsibility for a teacher to set the draft of evaluation. following are the few points that have the influence in the classroom outcome.

Personality of a teacher-

This is the most important aspect that a teacher want to have now days. It's a style we can call, a teacher teaches in his/her on style that actually affects his/her teaching. Following are the points which makes a teacher effective-

1. Dressing up

  

2. Langauge

It is very important that a teacher must have linguistic skill, therefore he/she can teach well in the classroom. The more effective language skill means greater skill of teaching.

3.Manners

Every student learn from his/her teacher, or we can say he/she try to copy the teachers style somehow, in such case teacher must have good manners. Following are the points which indicate the good manners too-

• Happy nature 
• Frank nature
• Acceptance
• Cooperation/ Support/ Helping nature
• Kind and Positive nature
• Honesty

4. Attitude towards student

Attitude is very important when you are a teacher. It affects your students in many ways and can shape their learning experience.

Marsh makes a good point when she talks about how intuitive students can be. ... “Students can do and  feel teacher's moods and attitudes.”

Objectives of lesson plan

• Clarification of specific objectives

• Presentation of lesson plan

• Achieving the teaching objectives and suggestions 

Introduction of lesson

• Lesson start

• Relation to previous knowledge

• Student motivation and Interest

• Suggestions

Presentation

• Quality of lesson

• Quantity of lesson

• Arrangement

• Use of examples

• Use of Questioning technique

• Comments on wrong answers

• TLM and other specific materials

• Teaching methods Motivation

Black-Bord Work

• Arrangement of content over black bord

• Writing

• Size and shape of letters

• Diagrams 

Support system

• Teacher-student Interaction

• Tools, Apparatus

Correlation

• Relation to Other subjects

• Previous knowledge

• Use of environment

Revise

• Suggestions for revising the lesson

Experiment

• The use of obtained knowledge in other situations.

Discipline

• Seating arrangement of student and their postures

• Students behaviour, habits

• Class and neatness of classroom

• Proper environment

                         

Teaching Model, meaning, definition, basic elements and it's components

Meaning

Teaching models are designs for creating curriculum, selecting instructional objectives and selecting instructional material. It is also helpful in creating the teaching learning environment, it develops the learning activities for the students. It ensures the maximum achievement of instructional objectives. A good teaching model must contain following things-

• strategies

• techniques

• teaching methods

• instructional objectives

• teaching aids

• good teaching-learning environment

• learning situations for the students

Teaching models follows the basic process for the classroom performance ( teacher) which are as following-

Structure

The structure of a teaching model is very important point from the point of view of teacher and as well s for the student. The structure of a model provides the information about what to teach , how to teach , when to teach in the classroom. It is basicaly comprises of a set of strategies, techniques, teaching aids, teaching material and teaching method or skill. These are the essential components of the structure of a model.

Process

The process is very important for a teaching model because it involve the delivery of the instructions to the student, it involve the activities which are planned at the begining before the teaching. It is basicaly teaching process that a teacher do in the classroom for achieving the instructional objectives which are pre-constructed.

Evaluation

This is necessary to evaluate that what extent of knowledge is grabbed by the students through the teaching model, to what extent the learning objectives are fulfilled and what is be taken care of. The evaluation is done for each every aspect of teaching model.

Definition

"Models of teaching are well structured, logically consistent, cohesive and ludecily described alternative pattern of teaching" - Schaefer

Components/Elements of a teaching Models

• Focus

• Syntax

• Social System

• Principle of Reaction

• Support System

elements of teaching model

Focus

Focus is the main point in a teaching model, simply it is an objective and tells about what is the reason of teaching a particular topic in classroom. It assumes the the students behaviour before the teaching and simply determines the student's behviour in the classroom. The focus of a teaching model is related to the instructional objectives which are achieved through the teaching-learning process.

The focus of a teaching model is related to the instructional objectives which are achieved through the teaching-learning process.

focus should be very intellectual. 

Syntax

Syntax refer to the the phases or the stages as to how it begins and what the sequence of activities are. These sequence are unique to the specific models.

Social System

It describe the role of students and the teacher, and the relationship between them. It is all about of the activities of a teacher, student and activities itself. It provides the information about the connection of each and everything in the classroom.

Principle of Reaction

It is the reaction or mode of a teacher when a learner response to a particular thing.

Support System

It refers to the material that supported a teacher while instructing students through any teaching model. It can be a journal, text book, article, newspaper, any blog, audio-visual aids, and other learning object.

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