onlybachelors B.Ed. (bachelor of education)

Skill of Reinforcement Introduction If the teacher is encouraging students with statements like good, that’s very good, good job, excellent then it is called reinforcement, it may be verbal and non-verbal.  A classroom is always full of individual differences and instead of that every child needs social approval of his behavior. Just to satisfy the need they are always eager to answer each question known to him.  If a teacher is encouraging students by statements like good, that’s very good, good job, excellent and certain non-verbal expressions, such as smiling, nodding the head and paying attention to the responding student, in doing so the participation of student in the class is maximized. Statements like good, very good, excellent, and good job are reinforcement. Objectives of reinforcem ent skills To attract students and retain attention To encourage pupil for +Ve behavior To discourage pupils for -Ve behavior  To increase pupils' confidence  Components of ...

Introduction      A lesson plan is a teacher’s detailed description of the course of instruction or ‘learning trajectory’ for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details may vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students. There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher’s guide for running the particular lesson, and it includes the goal( what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached( the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached ( test, worksheets, homework etc.)  Why is lesson planning important?      Every teacher is required to prepare a lesson plan because this is considered as guide for the day’s lessons. Lesson planning is important because it gives the teacher a concrete direction of what she/he wants t...

  CONSTRUCTION OF AN ACHIEVEMENT TEST Achievement Test Achievement test measures present proficiency, mastery and understanding of general and specific areas of knowledge. Achievement tests attempt to measure what and how individual has learnt, viz. his present standard of performance. Scores of achievement test indicate the academic status of the individual learner in different subjects as a whole or individually. Any test designed to assess the achievement in any subject with regard to a set of predetermined objectives.

TYPE OF TEST ITEMS: An item is the basic unit of interaction on a test. What we often call a test  question  is more properly known as an  item ,  since it may not be worded as an actual question. The student's feedback is also more properly known as a  response  rather than an  answer , but we won't get too particular on that point. Items can be written in various formats, including multiple choice, matching, true/false, short answer, and essay. We will discuss some of these formats in another article. Since items are the actual points of interaction of students with the test, item quality is probably the most recognizable indicator of the overall quality of the test. High quality  test items  take time and effort to write, but are essential to a valid test. Items must test skills and knowledge of the subject at hand, not the student's test taking  skills.

Criterion referenced vs Norm referenced test Norm referenced test Within the set of standardized tests, it is important to understand that there is a difference between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. There is no difference between norm-referenced and standardized tests. While both tests are standardized, norm-referenced tests measure and rank test takers to each other. A test taker’s score is compared to the ‘norm’ of similar test takers and may be expressed as a percentile, grade equivalent or stanine. There may be some misinformation regarding norm-referenced tests; however, the following is true of norm-referenced achievement tests: The goal of norm-referenced tests is to determine a test-taker's performance compared to a predetermined peer group Results determine what a student knows as an individual but also compared to a group Scores are distributed on a bell curve. The following is a norm-referenced test list: ·       ...

DEMONSTRATION SKILL (what is demonstration) When we go in class it is not possible the whole teaching process can not done through verbal form, for making clear sense of objects teacher need to do some activity, he/she takes the help of demonstration skill. In science, mathematics and in many more demonstration is an important part. The word demonstration means to perform a particular activity or concept in the classroom. In demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a organized and systematic way. Demonstration often occurs when students feel difficulty in grabbing knowledge and have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are capable to understand the real life uses of theories.  For an effective demonstration during teaching following things are necessary- During the time of demonstration the teacher should be very clear about what he is going to demonstrate and the object being displayed during demonstration should...

Reinforcement, what is reinforcement? why reinforce in teaching learning process? Microteaching onlybachelors The term reinforcement refers to the events or stimulus that increases the possibility of response. The reinforcement has a great impact in the teaching learning process, its a kind of reward that a teacher give to his/her student for a particular type of event or response during the class teaching. This is an art or skill we can say for a teacher that how he/she use the reinforcement during the course of his/her teaching. This teaching skill can be very effective to control and to teach a class if the students are little bit careless. We must remember one thing that we all are rewarded for what we do in our daily routine , and we also expect that reward get similarly it is equally important for teaching learning process Reinforcement will increase or strengthen the response.   For example: when we praise a child for helping clean up the toys, they're like...

  Skill of explanation- This is one of the important skill a teacher must have. Skill of explanation simply means that how  a teacher makes a complex topic simpler so that the students can grab that topic without any trouble, every teacher uses this skill in the classroom. The skill of explanation is very important for all the subjects. Without the use of this skill an effective presentation is not possible. This is sometimes considered as the result of teacher's capability, how he/she can make so effective learning material, so much examples, different demos, dramas, various meanings, connecting statements all these are used by a teacher while explaining.There is an absolute connection between statements which clarify the exact meaning of the topic, if a single word of that is removed then it becomes meaningless and tough too. Teaching is not just transferring knowledge to others, and this don't estimate the quality of a teacher but it depends on how much the stu...

Skill of illustration with example in physical science An Illustration is the decoration of some words that defines or explains a concept , explanation or visual indication of a text, concept or process,  designed for making a concept easier in a proper media, such as posters, charts, magazines, books, teaching materials (TLM), film pictures, video  tapes, games and films. An illustration is typically created by teacher . Illustrations are also known as an example; either in writing or in picture form. Meaning Some of the questions like what is the role of Illustrations or examples in the teaching learning process? What if a teacher explains with the help of examples? What is illustrating? Are the frequently asked questions which are arises almost in everyone’s mind. A teacher teaches with examples and make a topic very easy for students, if the teacher have a bit of less mastery in giving example he is not able to explain the complex topics. By the use of different dia...

Skill of Probing Questions  Introduction It is very important for a teacher to ask questions during teaching in order to increase the thinking capability in students. probing is one of the best skill which helps students to solve the problems with the help of a teacher. These are the set of some ques and hint in the form of questions which a teacher ask during teaching for seeking further information, this may increase the thinking capability of students so that they can think in multiple fronts. This skill is very helpful when student go through deeply in order to have multiple answer, sometimes this is used for involving all students if they showing a bit less interest in the teaching learning process. Why Probing? In case of when students are unable to give the answer or give incomplete answer, teacher use probing skill for ques. For seeking further information. For gaining student's attention in the teaching learning process and we call it re-focussing. If the teacher want to g...

Meaning of set induction Skill of Set Induction is also known as Skill of Introduction. It is related to the begining of class teaching. If the begining of class teaching is effective then the outcomes of teaching learning process can be estimated very clearly. In this Skill teacher and is very active and creative, teacher have to grab the student's attention in teaching learning process, he/she create such an environment that the they can start the lesson very effectively. For set Induction teacher ask a set of question to students related to their previous knowledge in order to come with the teaching topic. Questions are designed in such a way that the maximum students can response to them. This makes students active in class and their interest can be seen by the begining of the class. Teachers uses lots of tricks and tactics for starting the lesson in the class. The techniques are related to a number of components or the introductory questions are related to its components w...

Teaching skill During the classroom teaching a teacher should have fine teaching skills. Teaching skills are mainly techniques which is used by a teacher in the classroom so that he/she can command over the class. These are basically planned previously by the teacher before going for teaching, skill can be mastered by practicing and understanding of the class whatever it is. As we know that teaching is a purposeful process in which teacher and students are very active or say they are living while the important element  'curriculum ' is passive or say non-living. The curriculum leads an interaction between student and teacher. In the teaching process student, teacher and curriculum are important element, they are enough for the significant teaching-learning process.  According to Burton - "Teaching to the stimulation, guidance and direction and encouragement of learning" Teaching skill is the process in which a teacher plans everything orally, w...