onlybachelors B.Ed. (bachelor of education)

Introduction      A lesson plan is a teacher’s detailed description of the course of instruction or ‘learning trajectory’ for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details may vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students. There may be requirements mandated by the school system regarding the plan. A lesson plan is the teacher’s guide for running the particular lesson, and it includes the goal( what the students are supposed to learn), how the goal will be reached( the method, procedure) and a way of measuring how well the goal was reached ( test, worksheets, homework etc.)  Why is lesson planning important?      Every teacher is required to prepare a lesson plan because this is considered as guide for the day’s lessons. Lesson planning is important because it gives the teacher a concrete direction of what she/he wants t...

  CONSTRUCTION OF AN ACHIEVEMENT TEST Achievement Test Achievement test measures present proficiency, mastery and understanding of general and specific areas of knowledge. Achievement tests attempt to measure what and how individual has learnt, viz. his present standard of performance. Scores of achievement test indicate the academic status of the individual learner in different subjects as a whole or individually. Any test designed to assess the achievement in any subject with regard to a set of predetermined objectives.

TYPE OF TEST ITEMS: An item is the basic unit of interaction on a test. What we often call a test  question  is more properly known as an  item ,  since it may not be worded as an actual question. The student's feedback is also more properly known as a  response  rather than an  answer , but we won't get too particular on that point. Items can be written in various formats, including multiple choice, matching, true/false, short answer, and essay. We will discuss some of these formats in another article. Since items are the actual points of interaction of students with the test, item quality is probably the most recognizable indicator of the overall quality of the test. High quality  test items  take time and effort to write, but are essential to a valid test. Items must test skills and knowledge of the subject at hand, not the student's test taking  skills.

Criterion referenced vs Norm referenced test Norm referenced test Within the set of standardized tests, it is important to understand that there is a difference between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. There is no difference between norm-referenced and standardized tests. While both tests are standardized, norm-referenced tests measure and rank test takers to each other. A test taker’s score is compared to the ‘norm’ of similar test takers and may be expressed as a percentile, grade equivalent or stanine. There may be some misinformation regarding norm-referenced tests; however, the following is true of norm-referenced achievement tests: The goal of norm-referenced tests is to determine a test-taker's performance compared to a predetermined peer group Results determine what a student knows as an individual but also compared to a group Scores are distributed on a bell curve. The following is a norm-referenced test list: ·       ...

DEMONSTRATION SKILL (what is demonstration) When we go in class it is not possible the whole teaching process can not done through verbal form, for making clear sense of objects teacher need to do some activity, he/she takes the help of demonstration skill. In science, mathematics and in many more demonstration is an important part. The word demonstration means to perform a particular activity or concept in the classroom. In demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a organized and systematic way. Demonstration often occurs when students feel difficulty in grabbing knowledge and have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are capable to understand the real life uses of theories.  For an effective demonstration during teaching following things are necessary- During the time of demonstration the teacher should be very clear about what he is going to demonstrate and the object being displayed during demonstration should...

Reinforcement, what is reinforcement? why reinforce in teaching learning process? Microteaching onlybachelors The term reinforcement refers to the events or stimulus that increases the possibility of response. The reinforcement has a great impact in the teaching learning process, its a kind of reward that a teacher give to his/her student for a particular type of event or response during the class teaching. This is an art or skill we can say for a teacher that how he/she use the reinforcement during the course of his/her teaching. This teaching skill can be very effective to control and to teach a class if the students are little bit careless. We must remember one thing that we all are rewarded for what we do in our daily routine , and we also expect that reward get similarly it is equally important for teaching learning process Reinforcement will increase or strengthen the response.   For example: when we praise a child for helping clean up the toys, they're like...