DEMONSTRATION SKILL (what is demonstration)

DEMONSTRATION SKILL (what is demonstration)

When we go in class it is not possible the whole teaching process can not done through verbal form, for making clear sense of objects teacher need to do some activity, he/she takes the help of demonstration skill. In science, mathematics and in many more demonstration is an important part. The word demonstration means to perform a particular activity or concept in the classroom. In demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a organized and systematic way. Demonstration often occurs when students feel difficulty in grabbing knowledge and have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are capable to understand the real life uses of theories. 

For an effective demonstration during teaching following things are necessary-

• During the time of demonstration the teacher should be very clear about what he is going to demonstrate and the object being displayed during demonstration should not be so simple and small.
• The clear voice of teacher and a fine language which is easily understandable.
• There should be limit demo while demonstration and should be related to student’s view points.
• The pupils should be allowed to ask question to teachers in order to remove their problems.

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Characteristic of demonstration method

• The demonstration should be done in a very simple and easy way.
• In this strategy, attention is paid to all students. All the students should be focused in demonstration.
• The objects should be very clear and pre-planned.
• It is very systematic and organized.
• There should be involved a few no. of students who do demonstration in order to create some interest towards topic.

What are the components of demonstration skill?

Componants of demonstration skill

1. Relevancy with the content
2. Pupil Participation
3. Handling of Equipments and Materials
4. Appropriateness of the Demonstration
5. Visibility of the Demonstration work
6. Emphasizing Cause-effect relationship
7. Capability of Drawing Results

What are the steps of demonstration? There are following important steps of demonstration process.

Pre-planning 

Proper planning is required for good demonstration. Before teaching the teacher must have a proper planning for the demonstration. For this following points should be kept in mind. Teacher should be fully known about the topic, and about the preparation of subject matter.Teacher must plan everything before going to teaching.Best and special collection of material related to the demonstration.

Best practice and rehearsal of demonstration.The plan for execution should be kept in the mind of teacher.In order to ensure the success of demonstration, the teacher should prepare lesson minutely and very seriously.

Introduction of demo

First of all teacher must create an environment for the students so that they could be ready for teaching learning process. The teacher should motivate students and prepare them mentally for the demonstration.

During the introduction of the lesson the teacher must remember the following things-

• Individual differences
• Environment
• Experiences
• Previous knowledge 
• Standard of the student
• The social background of the child 
• The usability of the demo which should be related to the child’s daily life

The lesson can also be started with some simple activity and an interesting experiment and some common stories too. The starting should be attention seeking of class so that the students can get the full benefits of the demonstration. Well the introduction may attract all the students for the further teaching 

Presentation 

During the presentation the teacher must keep in the mind the previous knowledge of students so that he can relate it to new learning. Presentation should be very effective an in a systematic way so that the students do not get confused. 

Demonstrating

During this step the teacher is very important because he/she is the mean hero while demonstrating in the class. Teacher should be very confident and so active that he can provide a true knowledge to student, he must remember the objectives of the teaching (demonstration).

TLM (teaching material)

The teaching aids are important while teaching in a class, therefore teacher always use some special learning material while demonstrating. Teacher use various type of learning of learning objects like charts, models, models, and some working models too.

Evaluation

In this process teacher try to know the outcomes of the teaching and the shortcomings also be known in such order that they are not repeated in the future. This last step is very important for making teaching learning process effective and then the learning rate will be high. 

see also (levels of teaching)

Merits of demonstration method

• It helps a student in having a deeper understanding of the topic.
• It helps students remain active in teaching -learning process.
• It leads to permanent learning.
• It accounts for the principles of reflective thinking.
• It helps to create interest for topics among students.
• It helps in arousing the spirit of discovery among students.
• It imparts maximum learning to students.

Demerits

• Students can not benefit with direct and personal experiences as teacher carry out the demonstration.
• It can be costly as it requires costly materials.
• It can be a time-consuming method.
• It is not based on learning by doing. the scientific method.
• There is a lack of experienced teachers to carry out the demonstration.

Conclusion

This is very effective way of teaching while teaching some higher students too but it is the most suitable method for teaching the secondary classes. It takes some time to arrange a demo teaching in such case if a teacher feels that the demonstration is taking much time than he would have to take the help of students. Similarly, a small group of students can be invited to the demonstration table. By doing this student also learn how to share knowledge with other students with the help of a group instead of being in a group. This method also develops a skill of working in group Students can also demonstrate the experiment. This might help in removing objection regarding non-availability of learning by doing approach.

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REINFORCEMENT SKILL(Reinforcement, what is reinforcement? why reinforce in teaching learning process?)

Reinforcement, what is reinforcement? why reinforce in teaching learning process?Microteaching

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The term reinforcement refers to the events or stimulus that increases the possibility of response. The reinforcement has a great impact in the teaching learning process, its a kind of reward that a teacher give to his/her student for a particular type of event or response during the class teaching. This is an art or skill we can say for a teacher that how he/she use the reinforcement during the course of his/her teaching. This teaching skill can be very effective to control and to teach a class if the students are little bit careless. We must remember one thing that we all are rewarded for what we do in our daily routine , and we also expect that reward get similarly it is equally important for teaching learning process Reinforcement will increase or strengthen the response.

 For example: when we praise a child for helping clean up the toys, they're likely to continue helping clean up in the future, further if we want more from the child we can ask him to do so in return to some reward, he/she will show the response in repeated manner. When we offer a treat to a dog during training, they're likely to repeat the behavior we're teaching them in the future. In an active classroom teacher treats students as per their responses, if they shows good response then teacher will reward them and if the students shows the undesired response then the teacher will remove that response with the appropriate reinforcement. 

Reinforcement doesn’t mean that teacher should give the reward for a good response and for a bad one he/she should beat them but it is all about to increase the correct and desirable responses in students, if the student is not giving the proper response then the teacher should know his/her problem instead of scolding him of beating him. Once the teacher is able to know the problem of the student then he/she can treat the child properly. So this is all about how a teacher designs the responses of a child by the help of reinforcement. It’s been discussed in most of the psychological theories the reinforcement increases the responses. So the stimulus or events which increases the response of the students known as reinforcement. 

For a teacher it is very obvious that he/she gives the reinforcement for each and every response of child when needed which in turn increase the rate of responses. In the 1920s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov may have been the first to use the word reinforcement with respect to behavior, but (according to Dinsmoor) he used its approximate Russian cognate sparingly, and even then it referred to strengthening an already-learned but weakening response. Later on the father of operant conditioning B.F Skinner introduced the term reinforcement to the law of effect. The principle is that for every pleasant consequences the behavior is likely to be repeated.

Why reinforcement?

1. To increase participation of students.
2. To motivate students.
3. To improve the behaviour of kids.
4. To increase the positive responses. 

How it is differ from Feedback?

However some people treat both reinforcement and feedback equally during teaching but there is slight difference between them. These both terms are so important for a teacher with the help of them a teacher try to understand the learning rate in students. The difference between them can be understand with the help of following points-

Reinforcement increases the possibility of responses while the feedback changes the behaviour of the kids.

Reinforcement is psychological concept while feedback is originated from physical sciences and machines.

Reinforcement improves the learning process and make it effective while feedback develops and improves the behaviour.

What are the components of reinforcement skill?

Components

1. The use of agreeable statements
2. The appreciation of student's suggestion
3. Encouragement of students 
4. The use of proper gestures and non- verbal symbols
5. To write student's answer on board 
6. The use of negative verbal statements
7. The use of negative non-verbal statements
8. Proper use of reinforcement
9. Reinforcement for all
10. Newness in statements used  in reinforcement

Reinforcement in teaching, why it is important?

All those stimulus, statements and events used or presented which increase the possibility of student's responses. For example to praise a child, saying good , very good, bravo, etc develops a good feeling in student so that the child will participate more and more in class activity, in such case praising the child is a stimulus which increasing child's responses. The proper reinforcement motivates the students and develops good habits in them, makes teaching effective, enjoyable and stress free too. The environment that teacher creates while teaching is very important and reinforcement makes it so effective for students.

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SKILL OF EXPLANATION(COMPONENTS OF EXPLANATION SKILL)

 Skill of explanation-

This is one of the important skill a teacher must have. Skill of explanation simply means that how  a teacher makes a complex topic simpler so that the students can grab that topic without any trouble, every teacher uses this skill in the classroom. The skill of explanation is very important for all the subjects. Without the use of this skill an effective presentation is not possible. This is sometimes considered as the result of teacher's capability, how he/she can make so effective learning material, so much examples, different demos, dramas, various meanings, connecting statements all these are used by a teacher while explaining.There is an absolute connection between statements which clarify the exact meaning of the topic, if a single word of that is removed then it becomes meaningless and tough too.

Teaching is not just transferring knowledge to others, and this don't estimate the quality of a teacher but it depends on how much the student understand by his/her teaching. For an effective teaching learning process, a teacher must have the skill of explanation.

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For good explanation teacher try to approach a lot of tactics in order to make a complex topic easy so that the student can grab the knowledge properly. Some of the basic teaching maxims which are used during the explanation can contribute a great difference., these teaching helps a teacher during explanation of a difficult topic. These useful maxims are as following-

 Teaching Maxims-

These are fundamental facts observed and result out by the teacher on the basis of his/her own experience. The knowledge of different maxims helps the teacher to proceed through a more professional and in a systematic way. This estimates the real meaning of teaching. The different maxims of teaching helps a teacher while explaining-

Known to Unknown-

This maxim is based on the fact that the student knows something and have some previous knowledge about the topic being taught. Teacher must have the that feeling what student knows previously. The teacher tries to  interpret all new concept or new knowledge in terms of the previous. For example, if the teacher wants to teach how to ride a bike then he/she must include the term cycling, so while teaching, teacher must start with the previous knowledge and should link it with the new knowledge. 

Simple to Complex-

Simple is good and easy to obtain and complex is tough to  grab, when teacher tries to explain something in Class-room eh/she must see the simple one first then should go through the complex one. In doing so the student will understand clearly the complex one too. Teaching is formal where the teacher tries to teach and the students try to learn things. In doing so students shows more interest in the teaching learning process. Once they shows some interest in the class then it is very easy to give the knowledge of the complex concepts.This makes the huge difference in the learning rate of the students. By learning simple things, they feel encouraged and they also gain confidence. This is one of the maxim that makes students so active and joyful. On the other hand, if complex types of things are presented to the learner first, students feels some burden on them, they becomes upset, feels bored and finds himself in a challenging or difficult situation lot which they are not yet ready being immature and unripe. Gradually more difficult items of learning may be presented to the students. It will soften teaching being done by the teacher or guide and make learning easy, convenient and interesting for the learners.

Concrete to Abstract-

Concrete things are solid things and they can be touched with five senses. But abstract things can only be imagined. All those things which we can see and  touch are concrete or simply means which is in front of us while abstract things are untouched and we can only feel them. So it is rather difficult to teach children about abstract things because the students are likely to forget them soon or can't remember properly. On the other hand, concrete things, if we teach the students with the help of concrete objects, they will never forget the subject matter and the knowledge will be stable  or durable. 

According to  Froebel

“Our lessons ought to start in the concrete and end in the abstract”. For example when we teach the solar system, we first visualize the sun through our senses and gives the concept of eight planets, galaxies, meteorites etc. Through this process, the learners understand the materials more easily. Some power of imagination also develops in them .But if we reverse the situation, it will become difficult for learners to understand anything. Another example, when we teach counting to the students we should first take the help of concrete objects like beads, stones etc. and then proceed to digits and numbers"

Whole to Part.

In teaching, the teacher should try to acquaint the child with the whole thing first and then the different parts of it may be analyzed and studied intensively. This principle holds good while teaching a thing to the small children or kids. At the early stages, the child loves to speak and rote the whole content by heart or full sentences because in daily life situations, full sentences are used so the child should be given a full sentence. Then he/she may have full familiarity with the different words, phrases contained in that sentence, later he may have the knowledge of words. then he will have the knowledge of different letters constructing the words.

Suppose parts of a plant is to be taught to the students. They should be acquainted with the whole plant first. Gradually they may be asked to grasp the parts of it one by one, in the case of average students, their first attempt may be on whole plant, taking it as a whole and then to the different parts in the plant. It will help the teacher to teach better and the learners to learn things conveniently. 

What are the components of explanation skill? 

6 Components of Explanation Skill

1. Coordination in statements
2. lack of irrelevant statements
3. Fluency in language
4. Connecting links
5. Clear beginning statements
6. Use of proper words

Coordination in statements-

The statements used by a teacher while explaining should be coordinated because the explanation becomes meaningless once the coordination is lost between words and sentences, and so the students are misinterpreted.

Lack of irrelevant statements-

All the statements should be related to one another while explaining, because there is no use of irrelevant statements in the teaching as it takes much time and mislead the students as well.

Fluency in language-

During the teaching learning process the teacher should have the language fluency, it should be audible, clear, and sound with the proper pause in teaching so that the student can hear properly.

Connecting links-

Connecting links are very important while explaining, most of the teacher uses proper examples, idioms, phrases and statements for the effective explanation.

Clear beginning statements-

It is very important to share the idea about what to teach in the class and it should be very clear to the students so that they becomes ready to learn something in the class. 

Use of proper words-

Teacher must use proper words and sentences in order to make no mistake while explaining, these proper words leads a good explanation which is easy to understand and more convenient for the students. There should not be any unwanted sentences while teaching.

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